This post is part of our Java Programming: A Comprehensive Guide for Beginners series.
Operators and expressions are vital elements of Java programming, providing the tools necessary for performing various operations on data. Understanding the different types of operators, their behavior, and the rules governing expressions is crucial for writing effective and efficient code. Whether working with arithmetic, relational, logical, or bitwise operators, mastering their usage contributes to the development of robust and expressive Java applications. Always consider operator precedence and associativity to ensure the intended order of evaluation. Continuous practice and exploration of operators and expressions enhance one's proficiency in Java programming.
17.1 Introduction
Operators and expressions are fundamental components of Java programming, enabling developers to perform various operations on data. This chapter explores the wide range of operators available in Java, their precedence, and how expressions are formed to achieve specific tasks.17.2 Arithmetic Operators
Arithmetic operators perform basic mathematical operations on numeric values. The standard arithmetic operators in Java include addition (+), subtraction (-), multiplication (*), division (/), and the remainder operator (%).Code Example: Arithmetic Operators
public class ArithmeticOperatorsExample {
public static void main(String[] args) {
int a = 10;
int b = 3;
int sum = a + b; // Addition
int difference = a - b; // Subtraction
int product = a * b; // Multiplication
int quotient = a / b; // Division
int remainder = a % b; // Remainder
System.out.println("Sum: " + sum);
System.out.println("Difference: " + difference);
System.out.println("Product: " + product);
System.out.println("Quotient: " + quotient);
System.out.println("Remainder: " + remainder);
}
}
17.3 Relational Operators
Relational operators compare two values and return a boolean result. Common relational operators include equal to (==), not equal to (!=), greater than (>), less than (<), greater than or equal to (>=), and less than or equal to (<=).Code Example: Relational Operators
public class RelationalOperatorsExample {
public static void main(String[] args) {
int x = 5;
int y = 8;
boolean isEqual = x == y; // Equal to
boolean isNotEqual = x != y; // Not equal to
boolean isGreaterThan = x > y; // Greater than
boolean isLessThan = x < y; // Less than
boolean isGreaterOrEqual = x >= y; // Greater than or equal to
boolean isLessOrEqual = x <= y; // Less than or equal to
System.out.println("Equal: " + isEqual);
System.out.println("Not Equal: " + isNotEqual);
System.out.println("Greater Than: " + isGreaterThan);
System.out.println("Less Than: " + isLessThan);
System.out.println("Greater or Equal: " + isGreaterOrEqual);
System.out.println("Less or Equal: " + isLessOrEqual);
}
}
17.4 Logical Operators
Logical operators perform boolean operations. The logical AND (&&) operator returns true if both operands are true, the logical OR (||) operator returns true if at least one operand is true, and the logical NOT (!) operator negates the boolean value.Code Example: Logical Operators
public class LogicalOperatorsExample {
public static void main(String[] args) {
boolean a = true;
boolean b = false;
boolean andResult = a && b; // Logical AND
boolean orResult = a || b; // Logical OR
boolean notResult = !a; // Logical NOT
System.out.println("Logical AND: " + andResult);
System.out.println("Logical OR: " + orResult);
System.out.println("Logical NOT: " + notResult);
}
}
17.5 Assignment Operators
Assignment operators are used to assign values to variables. The basic assignment operator is =. There are also compound assignment operators like +=, -=, *=, and /= that combine an operation with assignment.public class AssignmentOperatorsExample {
public static void main(String[] args) {
int x = 5;
int y = 3;
x += y; // Equivalent to x = x + y
System.out.println("x after +=: " + x);
x -= y; // Equivalent to x = x - y
System.out.println("x after -=: " + x);
x *= y; // Equivalent to x = x * y
System.out.println("x after *=: " + x);
x /= y; // Equivalent to x = x / y
System.out.println("x after /=: " + x);
}
}
17.6 Bitwise Operators
Bitwise operators perform operations on individual bits of binary representations of numbers. These operators include bitwise AND (&), bitwise OR (|), bitwise XOR (^), bitwise NOT (~), left shift (<<), and right shift (>>).Code Example: Bitwise Operators
public class BitwiseOperatorsExample {
public static void main(String[] args) {
int a = 5; // Binary representation: 101
int b = 3; // Binary representation: 011
int andResult = a & b; // Bitwise AND
int orResult = a | b; // Bitwise OR
int xorResult = a ^ b; // Bitwise XOR
int notResultA = ~a; // Bitwise NOT for 'a'
int leftShiftResult = a << 1; // Left shift by 1
int rightShiftResult = a >> 1; // Right shift by 1
System.out.println("Bitwise AND: " + andResult);
System.out.println("Bitwise OR: " + orResult);
System.out.println("Bitwise XOR: " + xorResult);
System.out.println("Bitwise NOT for 'a': " + notResultA);
System.out.println("Left Shift by 1: " + leftShiftResult);
System.out.println("Right Shift by 1: " + rightShiftResult);
}
}
17.7 Conditional Operator (Ternary Operator)
The conditional operator, often called the ternary operator, is a shorthand way of expressing an if-else statement. It has the form condition ? expression1 : expression2. If the condition is true, expression1 is evaluated; otherwise, expression2 is evaluated.Code Example: Conditional Operator
public class ConditionalOperatorExample {
public static void main(String[] args) {
int x = 5;
int y = 8;
// Using conditional operator to find the maximum of two numbers
int max = (x > y) ? x : y;
System.out.println("Maximum: " + max);
}
}
17.8 Precedence and Associativity
Operators in Java have a specific precedence and associativity, determining the order in which they are evaluated. For example, multiplication has higher precedence than addition. Parentheses can be used to explicitly specify the order of evaluation.Code Example: Operator Precedence
public class OperatorPrecedenceExample {
public static void main(String[] args) {
int result = 5 + 3 * 2; // Multiplication has higher precedence
System.out.println("Result: " + result);
int anotherResult = (5 + 3) * 2; // Using parentheses to change precedence
System.out.println("Another Result: " + anotherResult);
}
}
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